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Our body is constantly controlling our glucose levels (glucose balance).

This process is known as glucose homeostasis. It involves two very important hormones secreted by the pancreas are involved: insulin and glucagon.

When our glucose levels drop too low, our body secretes glucagon. It is responsible for activating gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose) and degrading glycogen in order to obtain glucose molecules (glycogenolysis).

Conversely, if our blood
glucose levels are very high, our body will secrete insulin. This hormone stimulates glycogenogenesis (synthesis of glycogen from glucose) and the GLUT4 pathway. This is the dominant mechanism for removing blood glucose in muscle and fat after a meal.

GLUT4 pathway - glucose disposal

When this hormonal balance is broken, diabetes appears. There are several reasons why this balance can be broken (different types of diabetes). The most common types are:

Glucose Homeostasis - Insulin/glucagon glucose regulation

Type 1: Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes is also known as diabetes mellitus .

It is due to
an insufficient or non-existent production of insulin. It develops in the early stages of life and is characterized by an autoimmune reaction in the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas (the organism itself destroys the beta cells).

It is estimated that the heritability of type 1 diabetes (percentage of the disease due to genetic factors) is around 60%.

However, not all the mechanisms or variants associated with this estimated heritability are known. That is why the genetic markers that we analyze in our
ADNTRO reports explain about 22% that is known to be heritability.

Type 2 Diabetes

This is the most common type of diabetes. It appears in adulthood and is due to a decrease in insulin response - or secretion of it.

Insulin resistance occurs when cells do not respond well to insulin and cannot absorb glucose from the blood easily. This is due to the ineffectiveness of insulin in our body, while the alteration of insulin secretion is due to defects in the beta pancreatic cells.

Among the risk factors we find are: age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, inadequate diet, and genetics.

The genetic predisposition to suffer from this disease is highly heritable. It is estimated that the heritability of type 2 diabetes (percentage of the disease due to genetic factors) is 40-70%.

However, to date, not all the mechanisms and variants associated with this estimated heritability are known. This is why the genetic markers we analyze in our ADNTRO reports explain about 20% and are coined the term explained heritability. 

Gestational diabetes

This is a temporary diabetes that develops in about 5% of pregnancies due to hormonal changes. It usually disappears shortly after childbirth.

However, mothers who have had gestational diabetes (and their children born when when they had it) have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.

What are you waiting for to find out your genetic predisposition to have type 1 and 2 diabetes? With the DNA TEST is very simple. Remember, if you are already genotyped with another company, you can upload your RAW DNA data for free to ADNTRO.

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Digestive Medicine

For digestive clinics or physicians. Provides information on the genetic predisposition to develop diseases of the digestive system- such as Chron's, Inflammatory Bowel Disease among many others - as well as intolerances. This supports a possible early diagnosis and prevention. The results of this study are very positive, allowing for more precise and personalized interventions to improve the quality of life of the patients.

nutrition

Cardio

The applicability and importance of the PRSs in cardio is endorsed by the American Heart Association (AHA). The applicability of PRS is made possible thanks to this tool that helps in the cardiovascular disease prevention: identifying patients with a higher genetic risk of developing conditions such as diabetes, thromboembolism, hypercholesterolemia, and coronary artery disease (CAD), among others, enabling early interventions and preventive measures to improve patients' cardiovascular health.

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Biobanks, Pharmacies and CROs

Access and consultation of genetic data relevant to health and pharmacology. Thanks to this tool, it is possible to know the predisposition of patients to suffer adverse effects and what dose adjustments are necessary for more than 150 drugs, thus improving safety, efficacy and treatment personalization. This information is backed by Stanford University and approved by the FDA and gives solutions for biobanks, and research organizations.

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Dermatology

Specialized for dermatological clinics, this service provides information on dermatogenomics: skin sensitivities, efficacy of various topical and oral treatments, essential vitamins and minerals for skin health, dermatological conditions, skin types and more data to help you customize your skin care recommendations.

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Fitness and wellness centers

Genetic analysis allows for the design of personalized training programs that, taking into account genetic characteristics focused on the world of sports, such as muscle fiber types and predisposition to injuries, maximize performance and reduce the risk of injuries. Additionally, by considering genetic factors related to sleep and longevity, recommendations can be offered for a healthy and sustainable lifestyle.

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Nutri & Fitness

The practical application of nutrigenomics allows you to differentiate yourself from the competition by offering your patients personalized and accurate information on genetic predispositions to food intolerances.The results of this approach allow the design of dietary plans completely adapted to the genetic profile of the patient. This approach makes it possible to design dietary plans completely adapted to the individual needs maximizing results and providing an exceptional and differentiated service in the field of nutrition.

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Neuro

Very useful for psychiatric clinics and psychological clinics. Provides information on the genetic predisposition to develop nervous system diseases and mental disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and OCD, among others. This supports a possible early diagnosis and prevention of these conditions, allowing for more precise and personalized interventions for improve the quality of life of patients.

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Kind regards from ADNTRO team