{"id":6991,"date":"2022-09-02T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-02T06:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/?p=6991"},"modified":"2025-07-28T08:39:02","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T06:39:02","slug":"agricultor-cazador","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/blog\/nutrigenetics\/farmer-hunter\/","title":{"rendered":"Farmer vs Hunter"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout the process of evolution, there have been significant changes in our history. One of them, undoubtedly, is the <strong>change<\/strong> of the way of life of the <strong>hunter-gatherers<\/strong> nomads to <strong>farmer-stockbreeders<\/strong> sedentary. This fact was <strong>decisive for the history of mankind<\/strong> which occurred approximately 10,000 years ago and culminated with the appearance of the new cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As it could not be otherwise, when we talk about evolution, we are intrinsically talking about genetics. After all, evolutionary processes are nothing more than spontaneous mutations that appear in DNA. These mutations are fixed, i.e. they will pass from generation to generation, if the mutation has an evolutionary advantage over other variants. On the contrary, if the mutation confers a disadvantage to the individuals possessing it, it will not be fixed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">When we talk about <b>hunters and farmers<\/b>, we are not only talking about two large groups with very different lifestyles, but also about <b>two different genetic profiles due to the evolutionary process<\/b> mentioned above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"291\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-1024x291.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer vs. hunter\" class=\"wp-image-6992\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-1024x291.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-300x85.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-768x218.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-1536x437.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-2048x582.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/farmer-vs-hunter-foto-18x5.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbohydrate intake in farmers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">When we eat <b>carbohydrates<\/b>, they are digested and <b>processed into sugars<\/b>, which circulate in the bloodstream providing energy for the brain and other parts of the body. However, be aware that too much sugar in the blood can be harmful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The intake of carbohydrates - sugar molecules - increased with the appearance of farmers. We see this clearly when we compare the amount of carbohydrates we consume with wheat (one of the first cultivated plants) and with meat. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"395\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/trigo.jpg\" alt=\"Wheat: hunter vs. farmer\" class=\"wp-image-6993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/trigo.jpg 395w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/trigo-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/trigo-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">76 grams of carbohydrate per 100 g of wheat (76%) vs. 0 g of carbohydrate per 100 g of meat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanism of our organism after the ingestion of carbohydrates<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When eating, the <strong>sugar intake is balanced<\/strong> in our organism thanks to the response of the <strong>insulin<\/strong>. <strong>GLUT4<\/strong> plays an important role in the <strong>glucose uptake<\/strong> (from the blood into the cells). GLUT4 is located in an intracellular storage compartment where it awaits release to the plasma membrane. This release occurs in response to insulin for glucose uptake. The protein <strong>CHC22<\/strong> (encoded by the gene <em>CLTCL1<\/em>) is <strong>necessary for GLUT4 trafficking back to the GLUT4 compartment.<\/strong> of storage <strong>intracellular.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The GLUT4 pathway is the dominant mechanism for eliminating blood glucose after a meal.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"561\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-ingesta-carbs.png\" alt=\"Via GLUT4\" class=\"wp-image-6994\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-ingesta-carbs.png 561w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-ingesta-carbs-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-ingesta-carbs-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Via GLUT4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Genetic profile farmer vs. hunter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">There are two allelic variants of the <em>CLTCL1<\/em> gene, which encode different CHC22 proteins. As mentioned above, this difference is due to an evolutionary process. When talking about our ancestors, the C allele is more frequent in agricultural populations, while the T allele is more frequent in hunters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And what is the reason for this distinction? Functional studies indicate that the <strong>variant C<\/strong> is less effective in controlling GLUT4 membrane trafficking (<strong>less efficient at sequestering GLUT4<\/strong>) which means more GLUT4 on the cell membrane and <strong>greater tendency to reduce<\/strong> the amount of <strong>blood sugar<\/strong> - <em>farmer<\/em> - that T - <em>hunter<\/em> -which is associated with an attenuated blood glucose withdrawal response.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"327\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-comparativo-ingesta-carbs-farmer-vs-hunter.png\" alt=\"Via GLUT4 differences between hunter and farmer\" class=\"wp-image-6995\" style=\"width:610px;height:352px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-comparativo-ingesta-carbs-farmer-vs-hunter.png 567w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-comparativo-ingesta-carbs-farmer-vs-hunter-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/mecanismo-comparativo-ingesta-carbs-farmer-vs-hunter-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Via GLUT4 differences between farmer and hunter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Evolutionary studies suggest a correlation with regular consumption of digestible carbohydrates (higher amount of glucose) and variant C (<em>farmer<\/em>) as this new form became more common in humans with the introduction of cooking and agriculture. Both technologies are associated with increased sugar intake.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coexistence of both profiles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The <em>CHCC2<\/em> story suggests that storing the glucose transporter GLUT4 inside the cell was an advantage for our ancestors, as it allowed them to maintain correct\/high blood sugar levels during periods of fasting that contributed to the development of a larger brain (<em>hunters<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">However, the emergence of the C variant, farmer, during the period of agriculture was advantageous, as it allowed a faster and more efficient withdrawal of blood glucose when needed due to high carbohydrate consumption, allowing a fixation of this variant in the population. Scientists believe that <b>increased carbohydrate consumption may have been the selective pressure that drove the genetic adaptation of this variant<\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">Today, both variants coexist, conferring different abilities to control blood sugar levels. Thus, although this variant is not directly associated with type II diabetes, <b>a carbohydrate-rich diet is more likely to trigger diabetes in <em>hunters<\/em> than in <em>farmers<\/em> due to a greater likelihood of developing insulin resistance<\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thanks to a <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/genetic-nutritional-test-report\/\">nutrigenetic test<\/a>it is possible <strong>understand how we have adapted<\/strong> to the changes that have arisen throughout the process of evolution, something that not only informs us about why people lived or died in the past, but also <strong>helps us to better understand the relationship between diet, health and disease today.<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Discover with the <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/\">dna testing<\/a> by ADNTRO <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/dna-kit\/nutritional-dna-test\/\">how your body metabolizes carbohydrates<\/a> among many other things! Remember that if you are already genotyped with another company, you can <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/upload-your-raw-adn-landing\/\">upload your RAW DNA data for free<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout the evolutionary process, there have been significant changes in our history. One of them, undoubtedly, is the change from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary farmer-gatherers. This fact was decisive for the history of mankind, which occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, culminating with the appearance of [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6992,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[42,376,377,378,375,379,380,18,309],"class_list":["post-6991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nutrigenetica","tag-adntro","tag-agricultor","tag-ancepasados","tag-carbohidratos","tag-cazador","tag-chc22","tag-cltcl1","tag-genetica","tag-glut4"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00bfTienes variantes gen\u00e9ticas de cazador o de agricultor?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Existen dos perfiles gen\u00e9ticos basadoe en el modo de vida de tus ancestros. 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Biotecn\u00f3loga por la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, donde recibi\u00f3 dos becas de expediente acad\u00e9mico brillante. Estuvo trabajando en un proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n sobre la asimetr\u00eda izquierda-derecha en Newcastle, siendo premiada en la Conferencia del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cardiovascular Trainees Meeting como el mejor p\u00f3ster (2018). Complet\u00f3 un m\u00e1ster en Biolog\u00eda Computacional en la Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid. All\u00ed estudi\u00f3 las redes de interacci\u00f3n metab\u00f3lica en el microbioma de pacientes con Enfermedad de Chron y Colitis Ulcerosa en el centro de investigaci\u00f3n CBGP, centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (2020). Desde el 2020 es Bioinform\u00e1tica en ADNTRO donde desarrolla modelos predictivos, realiza anotaciones y an\u00e1lisis de variantes patog\u00e9nicas, investigaci\u00f3n de literatura GWAS y divulgaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sandra-ferreiro-lpez-78804016a\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/blog\/author\/sandra\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u00bfTienes variantes gen\u00e9ticas de cazador o de agricultor?","description":"Existen dos perfiles gen\u00e9ticos basadoe en el modo de vida de tus ancestros. 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Biotecn\u00f3loga por la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, donde recibi\u00f3 dos becas de expediente acad\u00e9mico brillante. Estuvo trabajando en un proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n sobre la asimetr\u00eda izquierda-derecha en Newcastle, siendo premiada en la Conferencia del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cardiovascular Trainees Meeting como el mejor p\u00f3ster (2018). Complet\u00f3 un m\u00e1ster en Biolog\u00eda Computacional en la Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid. All\u00ed estudi\u00f3 las redes de interacci\u00f3n metab\u00f3lica en el microbioma de pacientes con Enfermedad de Chron y Colitis Ulcerosa en el centro de investigaci\u00f3n CBGP, centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (2020). 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