{"id":6888,"date":"2022-07-22T08:28:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-22T06:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/?p=6888"},"modified":"2024-01-31T11:41:05","modified_gmt":"2024-01-31T10:41:05","slug":"genetica-ojos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/blog\/learn-genetics\/genetics-eyes\/","title":{"rendered":"Genetics of eye color"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\" translation-block\">Eye color is mainly determined by genetics. It is one of the genetic traits that depends on the <strong>amount and distribution of melanin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is true that the genes of both parents contribute to determining the color of an individual's eyes (it is known to be highly heritable), but there are also many other factors that play a role, such as sun exposure or aging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Melanin and eye color<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Melanin is a pigment that colors the skin, eyes and hair. There are two <strong>types <\/strong>different <strong>melanin<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Eumelanin<\/b> is associated with dark hair, eyes, and skin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>eumelanin<\/strong> is associated with dark hair, eyes and skin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:8px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The<b> color of your eyes depends on the amount, distribution, and type of melanin you have in your iris<\/b> (the part that colors your eye), which is why <b>babies have light eyes at birth<\/b>. Their melanin-producing cells are immature and produce little melanin. As the months go by, melanin production increases and they become progressively darker.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bebe_ojos-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Babies are light-colored at birth\" class=\"wp-image-6902\" style=\"width:563px;height:316px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bebe_ojos-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bebe_ojos-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bebe_ojos-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bebe_ojos-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bebe_ojos.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Genes associated with eye color<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Eye color is an inherited trait influenced by many different genes. Eyes can be green, brown, hazel, gray or blue, mostly. And it has been shown that there are two main factors that determine this trait.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Amount of melanin in the iris<\/b>: Melanin is the pigment responsible for brown eyes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Expression level of <em>OCA2<\/em> and <em>HERC2<\/em> genes<\/b>. <em>OCA2<\/em> produces the pigment melanin, while <em>HERC2<\/em> limits melanin production by synthesizing proteins that regulate melanin production.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:19px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">When these <b>genes are expressed at high levels<\/b>, the individual will have <b>dark brown or black eyes<\/b>. However, when these genes are <b>not expressed sufficiently<\/b>, then <b>eyes will be lighter<\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/distintos_color_ojo.jpg\" alt=\"Different eye colors\" class=\"wp-image-6903\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/distintos_color_ojo.jpg 512w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/distintos_color_ojo-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/distintos_color_ojo-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>To estimate the eye color, in the <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/\">DNA TEST<\/a> ADNTRO's work is based on a scientific study that identified genetic variants in genes previously described as genes involved in pigmentation, such as the oculocutaneous albinism II gene (<strong><em>OCA2<\/em><\/strong>), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (<strong><em>TYRP1<\/em><\/strong>), member 4 (<strong><em>SLC24A4<\/em><\/strong>),\u00a0<strong><em>HERC2 and VASH2<\/em><\/strong>. The<strong> strongest genetic association<\/strong>\u00a0is found in the gene\u00a0<em>HERC2<\/em>gene associated with pigmentation. The\u00a0<strong>variant<\/strong>\u00a0which is mainly involved in eye color, reduces the expression of the gene\u00a0<em>OCA2<\/em>which translates into a\u00a0<strong>reduced melanin synthesis<\/strong>\u00a0and, therefore, in obtaining a<strong>\u00a0lighter color<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exceptions in eye pigmentation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Albinism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/blog\/genetic-curiosities\/pink-dolphin-curiosities\/\">Albinism<\/a> is a genetic disorder that causes an <strong>absence of pigment in the body<\/strong>. Albinism can affect both the eyes and the skin. Some forms of albinism cause a <strong>complete absence<\/strong> of pigment in the body. Other types cause a <strong>partial loss<\/strong> of pigmentation. People with albinism usually have lighter eyes and hair, and sometimes have white patches on the skin. Albinism occurs in all races and ethnic groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">There are <b>two main types<\/b> of albinism:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Ocular albinism<\/b>, which affects only the eyes and is caused by mutations in the <em>TYR<\/em> gene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Ocular albinism<\/b>, which affects only the eyes and is caused by mutations in the <em>TYR<\/em> gene.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Heterochromia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"873\" height=\"1398\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/heterocromia-edited.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6905\" style=\"width:218px;height:350px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/heterocromia-edited.jpg 873w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/heterocromia-edited-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/heterocromia-edited-639x1024.jpg 639w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/heterocromia-edited-768x1230.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/heterocromia-edited-7x12.jpg 7w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\"><b>Complete heterochromia<\/b>: Occurs when one eye is each color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Complete heterochromia<\/strong>Occurs when one eye is of each color.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Sectoral heterochromia<\/b>: It occurs when the same iris has several colors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\" translation-block\"><b>Central heterochromia<\/b>: It occurs when the color in the center of the iris is different from the peripheral part, forming a central ring around the pupil of the eye.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This can occur at birth or develop later in life. Heterochromia can range from small differences to large differences in color. These differences are usually caused by genetic factors but can also be caused by trauma to the eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Distribution among the different populations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The <b>Caucasian population<\/b> has the <b>greatest diversity in eye color<\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eye color varies greatly among the different ethnic groups. Dark-skinned people have dark-colored eyes because there is more melanin in their eyes. Fair-skinned people tend to have lighter-colored eyes due to a lack of melanin in the iris although this is not always the case.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brown eyes tend to be the most common eyes among people of African, Hispanic, or Asian descent. Blue eyes are the next most common, followed by hazel, gray, green, and amber eyes. Rarely, people even can have pink, gold, or red eyes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eye color is mainly determined by genetics. It is one of the genetic traits that depends on the amount and distribution of melanin. While it is true that the genes of both parents contribute to determine the color of an individual's eyes (it is known to be highly heritable), it [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6906,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[432],"tags":[42,156,171,361,18,363,174,157,362,360,51],"class_list":["post-6888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aprende-genetica","tag-adntro","tag-albinismo","tag-color-ojos","tag-genes","tag-genetica","tag-herc2","tag-heterocromia","tag-melanina","tag-oca2","tag-ojos","tag-snps"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00bfEl color de ojos depende principalmente de la gen\u00e9tica?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El color de los ojos viene determinado principalmente por la gen\u00e9tica. 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Biotecn\u00f3loga por la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, donde recibi\u00f3 dos becas de expediente acad\u00e9mico brillante. Estuvo trabajando en un proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n sobre la asimetr\u00eda izquierda-derecha en Newcastle, siendo premiada en la Conferencia del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cardiovascular Trainees Meeting como el mejor p\u00f3ster (2018). Complet\u00f3 un m\u00e1ster en Biolog\u00eda Computacional en la Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid. All\u00ed estudi\u00f3 las redes de interacci\u00f3n metab\u00f3lica en el microbioma de pacientes con Enfermedad de Chron y Colitis Ulcerosa en el centro de investigaci\u00f3n CBGP, centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (2020). 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