{"id":5856,"date":"2022-02-18T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-18T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/?p=5856"},"modified":"2024-02-07T12:28:48","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T11:28:48","slug":"trisomias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/blog\/salud\/trisomies\/","title":{"rendered":"Trisomies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\" translation-block\">The <strong>genome<\/strong> is the set of genetic instructions that are found in a cell and allow biological life. In the case of humans, these instructions are stored in <strong>23 pairs of chromosomes<\/strong> (23 maternal and 23 paternal), being the 23rd chromosome different regarding the gender of the individual (XX for women and XY for men).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The photo of those 23 chromosomes constitutes the <strong>human karyotype<\/strong>. Any change that alters the amount of genetic information will be reflected in karyotype changes and will trigger syndromes. Among these possible changes on the karyotype, we find trisomies. Trisomy is a genetic disorder in which a person has <strong>three copies of a chromosome<\/strong> instead of two.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-1024x272.jpg\" alt=\"Human karyotype without genetic alteration\" class=\"wp-image-5857\" style=\"width:595px;height:158px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-1024x272.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-768x204.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-1536x409.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-2048x545.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/cariotipo_sano-18x5.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1. Human karyotype without genetic alterations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\">Most of the syndromes generated by a trisomy are the result of meiosis errors. Meiosis is a biological process in which sperm and egg cells are formed. Human beings are diploid individuals (two copies \u2013 2n), which means that our cells are also diploid (2n). The only haploid cells (one copy - n) are the gametes (eggs and sperm) and thanks to meiosis, the cells are able to go from 2n to n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For this reason, when meiosis is not carried out satisfactorily, trisomies are generated. We can say that they are the result of the union of a \"normal\" gamete (n) and a \"defective\" gamete (partially 2n) originating an individual with three copies on one of its chromosomes.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Down syndrome is the best-known trisomy, but there are many others depending on which chromosome does not separate correctly in the process of meiosis. Let's take a look at some of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sindrome-de-down-o-trisomia-21\">Down syndrome or trisomy 21<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Down&#039;s Syndrome<\/strong> is due to the existence of a <strong>third chromosome 21. <\/strong>This trisomy usually occurs due to a misseparation of chromosome 21 in the <strong>Ovum<\/strong> (female gamete). However, it is not the only reason that can trigger trisomy 21, but it is the most common.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"212\" height=\"189\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia21.jpg\" alt=\"Human karyotype with trisomy 21\" class=\"wp-image-5858\" style=\"width:255px;height:228px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia21.jpg 212w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia21-13x12.jpg 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2. Human karyotype with trisomy 21.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Down syndrome is usually accompanied by intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, shortness in height, flat face, vision and hearing loss, cardiac complications... Its worldwide prevalence is 10 cases per 10,000 births.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sindrome-de-edwards-o-trisomia-18\">Edwards syndrome or trisomy 18<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\"><strong>Edwards syndrome<\/strong> is due to the existence of a <strong>third chromosome 18<\/strong>. In this case, meiosis can fail both in the generation of the <strong>egg cell<\/strong> (female gamete) and <strong>sperm cell<\/strong> (male gamete).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"261\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia18.jpg\" alt=\"Human karyotype with trisomy 18\" class=\"wp-image-5860\" style=\"width:306px;height:185px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia18.jpg 261w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia18-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3. Human karyotype with trisomy 18<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Those affected by this syndrome usually die before birth or shortly after birth, with an incidence of 1 in 7,000 births per year. The symptoms they present are usually hypotonia, low consciousness and reactivity to the environment, growth retardation, small and elongated head, heart defects and other malformed organs...<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sindrome-de-patau-o-trisomia-13\">Patau syndrome or trisomy 13<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" translation-block\"><strong>Patau syndrome<\/strong> or <strong>trisomy 13<\/strong> can be due to a failure in meiosis in <strong>any of the parental gametes<\/strong>. It is estimated to have an incidence of between 1\/8,000 and 1\/15,000 births in one year, although 95% of those diagnosed die before birth, and those that are born have a reduced life expectancy, usually dying from cardiorespiratory problems.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"655\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia13.jpg\" alt=\"Human karyotype with trisomy 13\" class=\"wp-image-5861\" style=\"width:395px;height:316px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia13.jpg 655w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia13-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adntro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/trisomia13-15x12.jpg 15w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4. Human karyotype with trisomy 13<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The symptoms of Patau syndrome include severe psychomotor retardation, a decrease in intelligence quotient, facial alterations, brain malformations, cardiac malformations...<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Discover your protection or predisposition to different diseases with the <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/\">dna analysis<\/a> of ADNTRO or by <a href=\"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/upload-your-raw-adn-landing\/\">uploading your RAW file for free<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The genome is the set of genetic instructions that are found in a cell and give rise to biological life. In the case of humans, these instructions are stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes (23 maternal chromosomes and 23 paternal chromosomes), with chromosome 23 being different depending on the gender of the individual (XX in [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5867,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[430],"tags":[42,271,263,18,265,266,267,270,269,268,264],"class_list":["post-5856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-salud","tag-adntro","tag-alteraciones-estructurales","tag-cariotipo","tag-genetica","tag-sindrome-de-down","tag-sindrome-de-edwards","tag-sindrome-de-patau","tag-trisomia-13","tag-trisomia-18","tag-trisomia-21","tag-trisomias"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00bfQu\u00e9 son las trisom\u00edas? 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Biotecn\u00f3loga por la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, donde recibi\u00f3 dos becas de expediente acad\u00e9mico brillante. Estuvo trabajando en un proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n sobre la asimetr\u00eda izquierda-derecha en Newcastle, siendo premiada en la Conferencia del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cardiovascular Trainees Meeting como el mejor p\u00f3ster (2018). Complet\u00f3 un m\u00e1ster en Biolog\u00eda Computacional en la Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid. All\u00ed estudi\u00f3 las redes de interacci\u00f3n metab\u00f3lica en el microbioma de pacientes con Enfermedad de Chron y Colitis Ulcerosa en el centro de investigaci\u00f3n CBGP, centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (2020). 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Biotecn\u00f3loga por la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, donde recibi\u00f3 dos becas de expediente acad\u00e9mico brillante. Estuvo trabajando en un proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n sobre la asimetr\u00eda izquierda-derecha en Newcastle, siendo premiada en la Conferencia del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cardiovascular Trainees Meeting como el mejor p\u00f3ster (2018). Complet\u00f3 un m\u00e1ster en Biolog\u00eda Computacional en la Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid. All\u00ed estudi\u00f3 las redes de interacci\u00f3n metab\u00f3lica en el microbioma de pacientes con Enfermedad de Chron y Colitis Ulcerosa en el centro de investigaci\u00f3n CBGP, centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (2020). Desde el 2020 es Bioinform\u00e1tica en ADNTRO donde desarrolla modelos predictivos, realiza anotaciones y an\u00e1lisis de variantes patog\u00e9nicas, investigaci\u00f3n de literatura GWAS y divulgaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sandra-ferreiro-lpez-78804016a\/"],"url":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/blog\/author\/sandra\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5856"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5856\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13325,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5856\/revisions\/13325"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5856"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5856"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adntro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}